![]() ![]() Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 8-1. Materials: engineering, science, processing and design (1st ed.). Ashby, Michael Hugh Shercliff David Cebon (2007).Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials (4th ed.). Why Things Break: Understanding the World by the Way It Comes Apart. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction 9th Edition, Wiley 9 edition (December 4, 2013), ISBN-13: 978-1118324578. Department of Energy, Material Science. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 and 2. January 1993. Department of Energy, Material Science. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993. Owing to the difficulty of breaking these bonds, water has a very high boiling point, melting point, and viscosity compared to otherwise similar liquids not conjoined by hydrogen bonds. ![]() Liquid water’s high boiling point is due to the high number of hydrogen bonds each molecule can form, relative to its low molecular mass. ![]() Thus, for solid ice, each water molecule participates in four hydrogen bonds, helping to create an open hexagonal lattice. In addition, its single O atom can bond to two hydrogen atoms of other H 2O molecules. It is weaker than a covalent bond and can be either. Each H 2O molecule has two hydrogen atoms that can bond to oxygen atoms. A hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between an atom and the positive charge of a hydrogen atom covalently bound to something else. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the high boiling points of water. A ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules. The large difference in electronegativities between hydrogen and any of fluorine, nitrogen and oxygen, coupled with their lone pairs of electrons, cause strong electrostatic forces between molecules. The hydrogen bond is a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom or group.Ī hydrogen is a strong example of an interaction between two permanent dipoles. Hydrogen BondĪ hydrogen bond can be intermolecular (occurring between separate molecules) or intramolecular (occurring among parts of the same molecule). Therefore, the electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between these atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. A hydrogen bond is formed by a dipole-dipole force between an electronegative atom (the hydrogen acceptor) and a hydrogen atom that attaches covalently with. ![]()
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